China's fentanyl crackdown led to a stunning drop in U.S. overdoses, research says

Data: CDC; Chart: Axios VisualsChinese crackdowns on fentanyl may have reduced overdoses and saved American lives, new research shows.Why it matters: The data-backed explanation for the 34% plunge in overdose deaths from its peak suggests diplomatic pressure was more effective than decades of mass street-level arrests."We suggest there was a major disruption in the illicit fentanyl trade, possibly tied to Chinese government actions, that translated into sharp reductions in overdose mortality beginning in mid- or late-2023 and continued into 2024 across both the US and Canada," researchers wrote in a paper published Thursday in the journal Science.The big picture: The Trump administration cites fentanyl to justify its foreign policy, from trade battles with China to strikes on alleged drug vessels, though experts and government reports say Venezuela doesn't traffic fentanyl.Last month, President Trump signed an executive order declaring illicit fentanyl a weapon of mass destruction. Context: Overdose deaths in 2024 dropped to their lowest annual level since 2019 after rising during the COVID pandemic, reversing a surge that killed more than 100,000 Americans in 2023, per CDC data. About 76,000 people died specifically from synthetic opioid overdose in 2023, the paper said. State of play: Purity rates and fentanyl overdose deaths decreased at about the same time, researchers found. Researchers used official U.S. and Canadian data as well as discussions on Reddit to investigate the disruption in illicit fentanyl trade.Zoom in: A significant implication of the findings, researchers said, is that effective drug supply control doesn't necessarily need to involve large-scale arrests of retail drug dealers. "That is heartening because street-level enforcement can result in large and racially disproportionate increases in incarceration while at the same time there is little evidence that tougher domestic enforcement, either at the street level or at the wholesale level, can make drugs more expensive or make them harder to acquire," they wrote. The so-called fentanyl "drought" could also be an opportunity to increase prevention and treatment programs.Go deeper: Trump designates fentanyl a weapon of mass destruction