Energy, water use and pollution of AI and data centers rival most countries

By — Seth Borenstein, Associated Press Seth Borenstein, Associated Press Leave your feedback Share Copy URL https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/energy-water-use-and-pollution-of-ai-and-data-centers-rival-most-countries Email Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Pinterest Tumblr Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Energy, water use and pollution of AI and data centers rival most countries Science Jun 4, 2026 5:16 PM EDT WASHINGTON (AP) — The environmental footprint of data centers already rivals some of the world's largest countries, according to a United Nations University report, which also predicts their water and energy use and pollution will double in just four years as use of artificial intelligence grows. Last year, global data centers used 448 trillion watt-hours of electricity, more than all but 10 countries of the world, said the report issued Wednesday. That electricity use produced about 208 million tons (189 million metric tons) of carbon dioxide, about the same amount as Argentina, and producing that much energy consumed about 1.2 trillion gallons (4.5 trillion liters) of water, according to the report on the environmental consequences of AI's energy use. READ MORE: States are struggling to meet their clean energy goals. Blame data centers By 2030, data centers will account for nearly 3% of the world's projected electricity use, with 935 trillion watt-hours. If data centers were a country, the country would be projected to rank sixth-highest in power use in 2030. That would produce nearly 440 million tons (399 million metric tons) of carbon dioxide, the report said. The study focused on energy use and didn't examine the massive amount of water used to cool data centers. Grow your mind Subscribe to our Science Newsletter to explore the wide worlds of science, health and technology. "If you look at these numbers, we're seeing scales comparable to nations," said study co-author Kaveh Madani, a water scientist and director of the United Nations University Institute for Water, Environment and Health in Canada. "The demand is enormous." Much of the growth of data centers is being driven by AI. About 20% of data centers' energy is currently due to AI, but that should grow to 40% by 2030, the report said. First global look at ecological impact The report is significant because of the credibility and authority of the U.N., not just because of any one set of eye-popping numbers, said Fengqi You, a Cornell University energy engineering professor who directs the college's AI sustainability issues. WATCH: Electric grid faces political roadblocks as it struggles with data center demand "Its value is that a U.N. institution is putting carbon, water, land, life-cycle impacts and environmental justice into one frame" for an issue that is often shrouded in secrecy and partial disclosures, said You, who was not part of the report. "The general public should be concerned, but not panicked," he added. Jean Su, director of the Energy Justice Program at the Center fo